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The derogative falling of our educational accepted is becoming uncontrollable, the pollution of our instruction by both stakeholders and students is now pointing towards the wrong direction. Our dependency on external technology results from our inability to purge out this menace.
Nigerians' known with our emphases on certificate orientation [i.e. Presentation of certificate for job or employment] is gradually killing our technology development. The certificate qualification orientation unknowing bedded in us [our nation], leads to many acquiring "same" [certificate] by all means truly or negatively. All forms of misconduct and malpractices had and are still been introduced to perform this eccentric menace [certificate]. Our mind, which is part of that that control our taught, and action are channel toward the easiest way out of achieving this eccentric 'goods'. The development of our intellectual capacity are derail due to the fact that stakeholders [Government, administrators, Teachers and students [parents] are primarily focusing on the end effect of our instruction (certificate)].
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I often wonder, "Why is test malpractice a psychological problem?" The growing menace of test malpractice in our schools is becoming worrisome and disturbing phenomenon day after day. The problem is not peculiar to a particular level of instruction rather pervaded all educational facets in Nigeria. Primary, secondary, Tertiary or professional institutions of learning.
Of all educational problems in Nigeria, none poses a great threat than the issue of test malpractice in schools. Also of collective and stakeholders concern is the problem of how to effect improvement in the students carrying out so that the learning institutions and the collective at large may not be saddle with the problem of half or ill-baked educated graduates both at the post-secondary and tertiary institutions of learning.
Undoubtedly, standards of carrying out at test have declined considerably within the past ten years or there about. So also has every sectors of the societal development in the country. The most disturbing aspect of it all is the participation or involvement of school administrators, parents/Guardians, and examinations personnel. The rampant private and extra centres for external test like Jamb, West African test Council are part of stated involvement of non schools administrators. The Nigerian President states in Ozuma (2005) that by 2010 if educationalist and stakeholders do not pay sufficient attention on the re-orientation and re-channelling of the youth at the post-primary schools to a more accepted and drastic discount in test malpractices, the nation educational accepted is bound to rut in pains. How one comes to secure knowledge, what one comes to know and why such knowledge is potential are industrialized in [schools] learning cognitively, said Mbanefo (1998). Since what are acquiring while learning is faulty; we are then heading towards a faulty society. As it is know that learning goes hand in hand with malpractice and misconduct in Nigeria and other part of the world, the students cognition is derail and it is gradually killing our society.
Examination Malpractice
The book: students Counselling (1981) argued that anxiety is one of the major problems of test malpractice. He additional suggested that educational programmes in test stress supervision are needed to help students in coping with test anxiety. This statement above entrance the favour question that 'why is test malpractice a psychological problems?' It tend to focus on the cognition of students development; that is their acquisition of interpretation, classification and remembering information, appraisal of ideas; inferring ideas and deductions of rules, imagination of possibilities, generation of strategies fantasizing and dreaming.
The periodic test (evaluating) and measurement of students after such periodic acquisition of experience is know as test argued Efe (1999), Salim (1999) also see test as a systematic way of the article of a field pupils or students have acquired after a given duration of time by their teachers.
Examination malpractice involves assorted formula employed by candidates to cheat while examinations. Usman (1994). While Sahman's et al (1990) elaborates additional and good that malpractice in test as an unlawful behaviour or action engaged by students to have personal benefit in an test over their colleagues or mates who are contentious in the same examination. Onfechere (1996) accepted this definition by additional throw more light on it illegality that it is an unacceptable equally; an act or any act(s) of misconduct such as leakage, impersonation, writing on private part(s) of wares, encoding/decoding of the fingers for objectives tests, exchanges of question papers and riposte booklets committed before, while or after the test by whether the students taking the test or by officials assigned with the administration, evaluating or measuring the test result.
Shonekan (1996) angrily view test malpractices as act of omission or commission that contravenes those West African test Council rules and regulations to the extents of undermining the validity and reliability of the test and ultimately the integrity of the certificates issues by West African test Council. Dike (1996) from the psychological view said test malpractice is all forms of cheating which directly or indirectly falsely the capability of the students. (Performance).
Manifestation Of test Malpractice In Nigeria
Examination malpractice is not a new phenomenon in Nigeria, as well as truly in any part of the world. The first test malpractice in Nigeria was reported in 1914, when there was a leakage of question paper into the senior Cambridge local examination; others traced the origin of test malpractices to the wave of cancellation of Nigerian's candidate paper in 1948 because it posses on history while the 1940 matriculation test to the then 'Yaba' - nigeria technical (Soyele 1991). The most pronounce malpractice in Nigerian in early test was that of 1964 that was tagged 'expo' subsequently in 1970,1973,1974,1979,1981,1988 and 1991 followed (Oladope 1997). Since 1991 to date test has taken improve and more sophiticated dimensions, records are been emerged yearly indicating high or low ration in test malpractice in the Nationals core test (external) West African test Council and Jamb (Daily time 2005).
To expatiate this manifestation, Proff. Bello Salim (2002) Jamb registrar said that thirty out of one hundred and sixty-six test towns were involved in cheating and malpractice while forty-five thousand four hundred and forty-eight candidates seeking University admission had their results cancelled in year 2002 because of test malpractice.
Referring to the test fraud in the country the Nigerian President, 'Chief Olusegun Obasanjo' said students' in the country perceived instruction as a means of getting a meal mark and getting a job (Bello et as 2003); the President additional argued that the perception or orientation must fee so that students would appreciate the intrinsic value of education, which is the total development of the private to be able to make meaningful contributions to the family, society and the country at large.
Types And Forms Of test Malpractice
A extra narrative collective by the West Africa test council on How to Pass in test (2005), where questions and answers on test were discussed, The twelfth question is: What Is test Malpractices? Apart from other references made to the West African test Council syllabus a list types of test malpractices are listed as follows:
Candidates bringing books or cribs into the test hall;
Insulting or assaulting any Supervisor or Invigilator;
Replacing their riposte scripts with someone else one while or after the examination;
Swooping of scripts in an test hall;
Impersonation
Taking part in mass or organized cheating in the test hall or nearby it environ.
The Ancopss journal Volume 5, (1998) additional contribute that one of the oldest and commonest formula as listed above is the entry into the test hall with cribs (microchips), writing on handkerchief/tights, there is also the improve of the neck like the giraffe to look at the neighbours work knowingly or unknowingly to the neighbours. And in the Eastern part of Nigeria, the use of hooligans, gaining entry into test halls by force as examinations are in improve to take off question paper, then fly from the hall and later on throw in answered-pieces (of papers) to their candidates for them to copy; such case was reported in July 1990, Polytechnic, College of instruction test in Nigeria - Nnewi centre. (Eze, 1991).2004 West African test Council.
Dare (1994) identified plagiarism as a form of test malpractice that should be investigated and punished in the same way as cheating in the test hall. Plagiarism is the use of someone else person's work without accepted acknowledgement both in the text and in the references at the end of the work. He additional add the under listed as other form of plagiarism: -
Copying laboratory and field work reports or item papers or both,
Colluding with a member of staff in order to submit a new ready riposte script as a substitute for the primary script after an examination,
Writing of project(s), laboratory or filed narrative on behalf of a student(s) by a member of staff.
Secretly breaking into a staff office or departmental office in order to secure questions papers and riposte scripts is indicated as someone else form of test malpractice that should be condemned argued Fawehimin (cf 2003).
Wollherm (cf 1996) views is from the inception of registration, he said asserted that manipulation of registration forms in order to sit for an examination, which the learner is not mighty is also a form of test malpractice. Others comprise colluding with a curative doctor in order to secure dully-medical certificate on grounds of fringed illness producing a fake curative certificate.
Other improve formula of text messages has been discovered and experimented, while we keep waiting on more unknown methods of test malpractice stakeholders must hold their heads high to fight this menace headlock.
Factor Responsible For test Malpractice
Researchers on test malpractice had argued and contributed to the basic factors responsible for test malpractice in Nigeria, idea and facts are gathered for this argument.
Aina (1991) and Aliyu et al (1991) agreed in their assorted submissions that the desire to pass at all cost is responsible for test malpractice. The facts remain that Nigerian orientation on instruction is certificate and high-grade intensiveness, students, parents, school supervision tend to push harder on wards to get the certificate and good-grade by all 'means' to secure employment, others prefer to manipulate to be admitted in a choicest higher institution(s).
All this factors agreeing to Denga (1993) are boiled down to four factors of: -
Psychological
Environmental
Intelligence
A) Psychological: - this includes all the stress, which is often induced in by parent, the peer pressure groups, and students; this they experience immense stress and anxiety in trying to meet the assorted question of subjects significantly. A study conducted by Drake (1941), Monday (1971) and Keller (1976) keep this psychological reasons, that stress and anxiety experience by students while test are conspicuous, thus, have been critised because students tend to construct undesirable habit (Ward 1981, Murphy 1988, Lamm 1984), Which usually led them to poorly ready for examination(s) and subsequently exposed them in intelligent in test malpractice and misconduct. It should also be taken that psychological tremor of failure or scoring low grade promotes their involvement in test malpractice and misconduct. This psychological factor also brings in Maslow's motivational theories; which emphases the basic need i.e. Physiological need of man, he argued that these needs motivate and heighten learning, that if students physiological needs are not physically meant it will sway their attention in a teaching/learning situation, thereby preparing the students' cognition at a very low level and encourage students to engage in all sort of misconducts and malpractice while examinations.
B) Environment Factor: - this is someone else facxtor stated by Denga (1983) that basically led students/co-riders to test malpractice and misconduct, the environmental factor comprise the crowded nature of our classroom/theatres as well as exanimation halls with few invigilators while examination. Teachers/Lecturers inability to cover up the stipulate syllabus, for the duration been stated before an internal or external examinations, like promotional examination, Waec, Necon or Jamb, obsolete and obscured instructional materials which are inadequate in the schools; may force some students to check even if they do not want to in an examination.
C) Intelligence Factor: - Adeloye (2004) in their book stated that the idea of private unlikeness must be built at the back of our mind when comparing academic competence, capability and comprehension from one learner with another, the failure of students to recognize the fact that the Iq (Intelligent Quocent) differs and cannot be assess on is someone else factor; Thus, academically weak students will atime try to assess himself with plainly gifted learner who is brilliant. When the weak-academic learner are not able meet up with the challenge, the opt the 'missing' links with crisps or external help to pass their examination, this missing links are associated with misconcept and malpractices. Salim (1998) additional elaborated this view from the psychological point; that be intelligent and been smart are two distinct idea or been academically gifted. Been smart means sly, capability to able been to deal with situation with what is physically available within the minute time implies smart while intelligent involves your cognition and reaction to stimulus. A smart learner may not be intelligent but can truly pass his/her examinations than an intelligent student
Examination Malpractice Advocates
From facts gathered as a effect of this article, the advocates of test malpractice are:
The students
The parents/Guardians
Schools' supervision and their staffs
Examination Officer(s)
These itemised advocates are strongly supported by Thomas Abbey (2005) in a workshop on test malpractices and it effects.
The much significance attached to certificate in this country had made the advocates of instruction advocates and pro- test malpractice. Professor Babs Fafunwa introduced the 6-3-3-4 ideas of instruction with the best intentions. Today, as a effect of the crazy illusion attached to the worthless paper issued in Nigerian schools called certificates, the -3-3 aspect of the ideas has been tacify killed. What is left behind is 6-4; a institution where a learner leaves secondary school and transfers to the tertiary school irrespective of his/her competence to execute and display the cognitive, psychomotor and affective responsibilities befitting a tertiary level students. The truth remain that most certificate flaunted and brandished by Nigerian Youths are obtained straight through dubious means. Who would blame the invigilator, Waec, Necon or Jamb official, the parents or even the candidate for savouring this anti-intellectual, anti-progress, detractive means of achieving academic excellence? Each of these shareholders known that the political leadership is no less transparent than the invigilator.
Both test officials and schools' staffs are aware that what accrues to them in terms of numeration cannot adequately cater for their basic needs or responsibilities, so they source for something by the wayside - it is a know fact that parents are aware that nobody asks questions about the capability of their wards' certificate. What matters is the output of the piece of paper when needed; the intellectual resourcefulness had been fed with negative orientation so much so that he believes the only avenue to success is to secure a certificate straight through hook or crook. The learner is so much in a hurry to join the sickening debauchery being conducted by Nigeria's elected ruler ship. I believes that the national test bodies like Jamb, Waec, Necon should observe the 'forces' driving secondary school students to 'special centre' where test malpractice is organized and executed with the aid of the staffs of these test bodies, students' parents/guardians, a supervision and staffs of the school 'centre' and the students at the centre. These syndicates connive and get their selected candidates posted to one test centre where 'they' bribe the supervisors and protection operatives and cheat massively with experts in all the subjects. Some test conducted for secondary school students; the school authorise buy over the supervisor and construct their teachers who solve the questions with complicated options and distributes to the students. As this investigate is going on, there are new wake up calls for students to come and register for this year's Jamb, Necon, Waec with these syndicates with "Guaranteed Success' - irrespective of whether you study or not. And believe it the students, parent are listening and ready to comply.
Causes Of test Malpractice
The causes of test malpractice are numerous as one encounter examination; distinct reasons are given to exhaunurate advocates from these acts. These exhaurations tend to expose the causes of test malpractice. Maduka (2001) sees undue emphasis placed on certificate as one of the causes of test malpractice in Nigeria. Maduka opined that the Nigeria society places too much emphasis on certificates obtained and test passed on its own determinants. He additional said that paper qualification and certificates serves as means of getting well paid jobs achievement of collective status. This conference was strongly agreed to by Dr Tolofari (2006) a director in Rivers State facts ministry, he agreed that 'we should comprehend that the certificate mentality is one of the rook causes of test malpractice and fraud in Nigeria'. This also emphases the President's statement; (2005) Obasanjo said students in Nigeria perceived instruction as a means of getting a meal mark (certificate) and getting a job. As a effect of this trend, morality and honesty have been thrown to the dogs to pass test and secure certificates so long as emphasis is not on ones carrying out but on the paper first. Many holders of certificates cannot approximately defend them straight through their performance.
The economy is someone else causes of test malpractice states Ahusa (1994) in a journal published and titled "Students carrying out in Examination". He asserted that due to the dwindling economic standard, low earnings to meet the ever growing human wants, teachers cum supervisor engages in misconduct and malpractice - these they do in transfer of money (bribe), gift items, contracts and other mouth-watery offers from whether the candidates or their advocates. Akinyode (2004) agreed with the poverty levels of Nigerians as one of the causes of test malpractice, he states that the world Bank and the International community's appraisal of the poverty level of Nigerians has moved from 40% in 1992 to 70% in 1996. This poverty level had injected approximately all civil servants with virus called bribery. Bribery in our educational ideas has given birth to the monster called malpractices. These monsters are presently destroying our value of instruction and production nonsense of our certificates. Bribery in our institution of learning be it primary, secondary or tertiary will not yield the best brains in our society. Bribery would not yield the graduates who would stand tall away equals and who would go on to make tangible and continuing contributions to the advancement of humanity - supported Uwhejevwe -Togbolo (2005).
Fafunwa (1974) identifies someone else causes of lack of proper guidance and counselling programmes and added that some schools do not have guardian and counselling programmes for students - as such, students take courses without proper guardians; parents sometimes in their pride levy courses on their children not minding the capacity of the affective, cognition or psychomotor of the wards before the imposition. These kids are push too hard and too far thereby production them corrupt straight through engagement in malpractice and misconducts to please their parent(s) or parent(s) encouraging any form of misconducts or malpractices to illustrate their pride.
An narrative in Vanguard Newspaper (1999) carried a sketch of test malpractice tat truancy and absenteeism made some students to be ill-prepared for examination, not because they absent themselves from schools and lectures but they do not know what others have been taught, some of the students are just lazy therefore they had to resort to test malpractice as alternative therapy in their careers.
The quota ideas of admission in our Federal Schools is someone else factor uprooted by me as causes of examination, he observed that admitting unqualified candidates to meet geographical spread thus emergence of low performance, culminating in cheating or unconventional behaviour called test malpractices.
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